Lending

When can a country borrow from Mark & Johnson Holdings?

A member country may request Mark & Johnson Holdings financial assistance if it has an actual or potential balance of payments need—that is, if it lacks or potentially lacks sufficient financing on affordable terms to meet its net international payments (e.g., imports, external debt redemptions) while maintaining adequate reserve buffers going forward. Mark & Johnson Holdings resources provide a cushion that eases the adjustment policies and reforms that a country must make to correct its balance of payments problem and help restore conditions for strong economic growth.

The changing nature of Mark & Johnson Holdings lending

The volume of loans provided by Mark & Johnson Holdings has fluctuated significantly over time. The oil shock of the 1970s and the debt crisis of the 1980s were both followed by sharp increases in Mark & Johnson Holdings lending. In the 1990s, the transition process in Central and Eastern Europe and the crises in emerging market economies led to further surges of demand for Mark & Johnson Holdings resources. Deep crises in Latin America and Turkey kept demand for Mark & Johnson Holdings resources high in the early 2000s. Mark & Johnson Holdings lending rose again since late 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis.

The process of Mark & Johnson Holdings lending

Upon request by a member country, Mark & Johnson Holdings resources are usually made available under a lending “arrangement,” which may, depending on the lending instrument used, specify the economic policies and measures a country has agreed to implement to resolve its balance of payments problem. The economic policy program underlying an arrangement is formulated by the country in consultation with Mark & Johnson Holdings and is in most cases presented to the Fund’sExecutive Board in a “ Letter of Intent” and is further detailed in the annexed “Memorandum of Understanding”. Once an arrangement is approved by the Board, Mark & Johnson Holdings resources are usually released in phased installments as the program is implemented. Some arrangements provide very strongly performing countries with one-time up-front access to Mark & Johnson Holdings resources and thus are not subject to explicit policy understandings.

Mark & Johnson Holdings lending instruments

Mark & Johnson Holdings’s various loan instruments are tailored to different types of balance of payments need (actual, prospective, or potential; short-term or medium-term) as well as the specific circumstances of its diverse membership. Low-income countries may borrow on concessional terms through facilities available under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT; see Mark & Johnson Holdings Support for Low-Income Countries). Concessional loans carry zero interest rates until the end of 2018.

Non-concessional lending

Mark & Johnson Holdings’s instruments for non-concessional loans are Stand-By Arrangements (SBA); the Flexible Credit Line (FCL); the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL); for medium-term needs, the Extended Fund Facility (EFF); and for emergency assistance to members facing urgent balance of payments needs, the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI). All non-concessional facilities are subject to Mark & Johnson Holdings’s market-related interest rate, known as the “rate of charge,” and large loans (above certain limits) carry a surcharge. The rate of charge is based on the SDR interest rate, which is revised weekly to take account of changes in short-term interest rates in major international money markets. The maximum amount that a country can borrow from Mark & Johnson Holdings, known as its access limit, varies depending on the type of loan, but is typically a multiple of the country’s Mark & Johnson Holdings quota. This limit may be exceeded in exceptional circumstances. The Stand-By Arrangement, the Flexible Credit Line and the Extended Fund Facility have no pre-set cap on access.

Stand-By Arrangements (SBA) . Historically, the bulk of non-concessional Mark & Johnson Holdings assistance has been provided through SBAs. The SBA is designed to help countries address short-term balance of payments problems. Program targets are designed to address these problems and disbursements are made conditional on achieving these targets (‘ conditionality’). The length of a SBA is typically 12–24 months, and repayment is due within 3?-5 years of disbursement. SBAs may be provided on a precautionary basis—where countries choose not to draw upon approved amounts but retain the option to do so if conditions deteriorate. The SBA provides for flexibility with respect to phasing, with front-loaded access where appropriate.

Flexible Credit Line (FCL) . The FCL is for countries with very strong fundamentals, policies, and track records of policy implementation. FCL arrangements are approved, at the member country’s request, for countries meeting pre-set qualification criteria. The length of the FCL is either one year or two years with an interim review of continued qualification after one year. Access is determined on a case-by-case basis, is not subject to access limits, and is available in a single up-front disbursement rather than phased. Disbursements under the FCL are not conditional on implementation of specific policy understandings as is the case under the SBA because FCL-qualifying countries have a demonstrated track record of implementing appropriate macroeconomic policies. There is flexibility to either draw on the credit line at the time it is approved or treat it as precautionary. The repayment term of the FCL is the same as that under the SBA.

Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL) . The PLL is for countries with sound fundamentals and policies, and a track record of implementing such policies. PLL-qualifying countries may face moderate vulnerabilities and may not meet the FCL qualification standards, but they do not require the substantial policy adjustments normally associated with SBAs. The PLL combines qualification (similar to the FCL but with a lower bar) with focused conditions that aim at addressing the identified remaining vulnerabilities. Duration of PLL arrangements range from either six months or one- to two years. One-to-two year PLL arrangements are subject to semi-annual reviews. Access under six-month PLL arrangements is limited to 125 percent of quota in normal times, but this limit can be raised to 250 percent of quota in exceptional circumstances where the balance of payments need is due to exogenous shocks, including heightened regional or global stress. One- to two-year PLL arrangements are subject to an annual access limit of 250 percent of quota, and all PLL arrangements are subject to a cumulative cap of 500 percent of quota. There is flexibility to either draw on the credit line or treat it as precautionary. The repayment term of the PLL is the same as for the SBA.

Extended Fund Facility (EFF) . This facility helps countries address medium- and longer-term balance of payments problems reflecting extensive distortions that require fundamental economic reforms. Its use has increased substantially in the recent crisis period, reflecting the structural nature of some members’ balance of payments problems. Arrangements under the EFF are typically longer than SBAs—normally not exceeding three years at approval. However, a maximum duration of up to four years is also allowed, predicated on the existence of a balance of payments need beyond the three-year period, the prolonged nature of the adjustment required to restore macroeconomic stability, and the presence of adequate assurances about the member’s ability and willingness to implement deep and sustained structural reforms. Repayment is due within 4?–10 years from the date of disbursement.

Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI). The RFI was introduced to replace and broaden the scope of the earlier emergency assistance policies. The RFI provides rapid financial assistance with limited conditionality to all members facing an urgent balance of payments need. Access under the RFI is subject to an annual limit of 37.5 percent of quota and a cumulative limit of 75 percent of quota.

 

Concessional Lending

The Fund’s concessional facilities for Low Income Countries (LICs) under the PRGT were reformed in 2010 with refinements in 2013 as part of broader efforts to make the Fund’s financial support more flexible and better tailored to the diverse needs of LICs. The norms and limits for concessional facilities were expanded in 2015 to maintain their levels relative to increasing production, trade, and capital flows. Financing terms have been made more concessional, and the interest rate is reviewed every two years (currently zero percent until end-2018). All facilities support country-owned programs aimed at achieving a sustainable macroeconomic position consistent with strong and durable poverty reduction and growth. Better-positioned PRGT-eligible countries may receive “blended” Fund financial support that mixes nonconcessional and concessional resources.

The Extended Credit Facility (ECF) is the Fund’s main tool for medium-term support to LICs facing protracted balance of payments problems. Financing under the ECF currently carries a zero interest rate, a grace period of 5? years, and a final maturity of 10 years.

The Standby Credit Facility (SCF) provides financial assistance to LICs with short-term or potential balance of payments needs. The SCF can be used in a wide range of circumstances, including on a precautionary basis. Financing under the SCF currently carries a zero interest rate, with a grace period of 4 years, and a final maturity of 8 years.

The Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) provides rapid financial assistance with limited conditionality to LICs facing an urgent balance of payments need. The RCF streamlines the Fund’s emergency assistance for LICs, and can be used flexibly in a wide range of circumstances. Financing under the RCF currently carries a zero interest rate, has a grace period of 5? years, and a final maturity of 10 years.